Effect of Soil Pulverization Index, Irrigation Level, and Emulsified Crude Oil on Growth, Grain Yield, and Water use Efficiency of Wheat Crop (Triticum aestivum L.) in Clay Soil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51699/ijbea.v4i3.671Keywords:
Soil Pulverization, Emulsified Crude Oil, Water Use Efficency, Wheat CropAbstract
A field experiment was conducted on clay soil to assess the effects of experimental variables on growth, grain production, and water use efficiency. Parameters of wheat cultivation. The first experimental variable was the soil pulverisation index, represented by the mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil clods after ploughing and pulverisation, divided into two treatments: high pulverisation index (P1) with a MWD of 17.026 mm and low pulverisation index (P2) with a MWD of 10.511 mm. The second aspect pertained to the irrigation level, including two treatments: 75% Ep (W1) and 100% Ep (W2). The third element included crude oil conditioner with three treatments: a control treatment without additives (Co), un-emulsified crude oil at 0.5% w/w (C1), and emulsified crude oil at 0.5% w/w (C2), obtained by emulsification with water using an industrial emulsifying agent (anionic surfactant). The experiment used a factorial design inside a split-plot framework, complemented by a randomised complete block design (RCBD) for the assignment of main plots, with three replications. The results shown that increasing the pulverisation index from P2 to P1 and the irrigation level from 75% Ep to 100% EP markedly improves plant height, dry matter, and grain yield. The findings revealed that treatments C1 and C2 markedly improved growth and grain yield metrics relative to the control treatment (Co), with treatment C2 exhibiting higher efficacy. Optimal growth and production results were achieved with high pulverisation (P1) in conjunction with irrigation at 100% Ep and emulsified oil (C2). A significant increase in water usage efficiency was recorded with a decrease in irrigation levels from 100%. The best results were achieved at 75% Ep when combined with high pulverisation treatment (P1) and emulsified crude oil as a soil conditioner.
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